Study Guide for the Medieval Morality Play Everyman

Written in England during the 1400s, The Summoning of Everyman (commonly known as Everyman) is a Christian morality play. No one knows who wrote the play. Historians note that monks and priests often wrote these types of dramas. Morality plays were vernacular dramas, spoken in the language of the people, rather than the Latin of the Church. They were meant to be seen by the common people. Like other morality plays, Everyman is an allegory. The lessons being relayed are taught by allegorical characters, each one representing an abstract concept such as good deeds, material possessions, and knowledge. Basic Plot God decides that Everyman (a character who represents an average, everyday human) has become too obsessed with wealth and material possessions. Therefore, Everyman must be taught a lesson in piety. And who better to teach a life lesson than a character named Death? Man Is Unkind God’s chief complaint is that humans are ignorantly leading sinful lives; they are unaware that Jesus died for their sins. Everyman has been living for his own pleasure, forgetting about the importance of charity and the potential threat of eternal hellfire. On God’s bidding, Death summons Everyman to take a pilgrimage to the Almighty. When Everyman realizes that the Grim Reaper has called upon him to face God and give a reckoning of his life, he tries to bribe Death to â€Å"defer this matter till another day.† The bargaining doesn’t work. Everyman must go before God, never to return to Earth again. Death does say that the hapless hero can take along anyone or anything that may benefit him during this spiritual trial. Friends and Family Are Fickle After Death leaves Everyman to prepare for his day of reckoning (the moment in which God judges him), Everyman approaches a character named Fellowship, a supporting role that represents Everyman’s friends. At first, Fellowship is full of bravado. When Fellowship learns that Everyman is in trouble, he promises to stay with him until the problem is resolved. However, as soon as Everyman reveals that Death has summoned him to stand before God, Fellowship abandons him. Kindred and Cousin, two characters that represent family relationships, make similar promises. Kindred declares, â€Å"in wealth and woe we will with you hold, for over his kin a man may be bold.† But once Kindred and Cousin realize Everyman’s destination, they back out. One of the funniest moments in the play is when Cousin refuses to go by claiming he has a cramp in his toe. The overall message of the play’s first half is that relatives and friends (as reliable as they may seem) pale in comparison to the steadfast companionship of God. Goods vs. Good Deeds After getting rejected by fellow humans, Everyman turns his hopes to inanimate objects. He talks to a character named â€Å"Goods,† a role which represents Everyman’s material possessions and wealth. Everyman pleads for Goods to assist him in his hour of need, but they offer no comfort. In fact, the Goods chide Everyman, suggesting that he should have admired material objects moderately ​and that he should have given some of his goods to the poor. Not wanting to visit God (and subsequently be sent to hell), Goods deserts Everyman.​​ Finally, Everyman meets a character who will genuinely care for his plight. Good-Deeds is a character who symbolizes the acts of charity and kindness performed by Everyman. However, when the audience first meets Good-Deeds, she is laying on the ground, severely weakened by Everyman’s many sins. Enter Knowledge and Confession Good-Deeds introduces Everyman to her sister, Knowledge. This is another friendly character who will provide good advice to the protagonist. Knowledge serves as an important guide for Everyman, instructing him to seek out another character: Confession. Everyman is led to Confession. Many readers expect to hear scandalous â€Å"dirt† on the main character, and expect him to beg forgiveness, or hope he will at least apologize for whatever sins he has committed. Such readers will be surprised here. Instead, Everyman asks for his vices to be wiped clean. Confession says that, with penance, Everyman’s spirit may become clean once more. What does penance mean? In this  play, it means that Everyman undergoes a severe and purifying form of physical punishment. After he suffers, Everyman is amazed to discover that Good-Deeds is now free and strong, ready to stand by his side during his moment of judgment. The Five-Wits After this purging of the soul, Everyman is ready to meet his maker. Good-Deeds and Knowledge tell Everyman to call upon â€Å"three persons of great might† and his Five-Wits (his senses) as counselors. Everyman calls forth the characters Discretion, Strength, Beauty, and Five-Wits. Combined, they represent the core of his physical human experience. Unlike the first half of the play when he begged for help from his friends and family, Everyman is now relying on himself. However, even though he receives some good advice from each entity, he realizes that they will not go the distance as he journeys closer to his meeting with God. Like previous characters, these entities promise to stay by his side. Yet, when Everyman decides that it is time for his body to physically die (perhaps as part of his penance), Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and the Five-Wits abandon him. Beauty is the first one to leave, disgusted by the idea of lying in a grave. The others follow suit, and Everyman is left alone with Good-Deeds and Knowledge once again. Everyman Departs Knowledge explains that he won’t be going into the â€Å"heavenly sphere† with Everyman, but will stay with him until he departs from his physical body. This allegorically implies that the soul does not retain its Earthly knowledge. However, Good-Deeds (as promised) will journey with Everyman. At the end of the play, Everyman commends his soul to God. After his departure, an angel arrives to announce that Everyman’s soul has been taken from his body and presented before God. A final narrator enters to explain to the audience that all should heed the lessons of Everyman: Everything in life is fleeting, with the exception of acts of kindness and charity. Overall Theme As one might expect from a morality play, Everyman has a very clear moral, one that is delivered at the beginning, middle, and end of the play. The blatantly religious message is simple: Earthly comforts are fleeting. Only good deeds and God’s grace can provide salvation. Who Wrote Everyman? Many morality plays were a collaborative effort by clergymen and residents (often tradesmen and guild members) of an English town. Over the years, lines would be changed, added, and deleted. Therefore, Everyman is probably the result of multiple authors and decades of literary evolution. Historical Context When Everyman summons the Five-Wits, a fascinating  discussion about the importance of the priesthood follows. FIVE-WITS:For priesthood exceedeth all other thing;To us Holy Scripture they do teach,And converteth man from sin heaven to reach;God hath to them more power given,Than to any angel that is in heaven According to the Five-Wits, priests are more powerful than angels. This reflects the prevalent role of priests in medieval society. In most European villages, the clergy were the moral leaders. However, the character of Knowledge mentions that priests are not perfect, and some of them have committed egregious sins. The discussion concludes with a general endorsement of the Church as the surest path to salvation.

The International Day For Disaster Reduction Essay

Writing in the wake of hurricane Katrina 2005, Neil Smith (2006) suggests ‘that there is no such thing as a natural disaster’. Smith contends that natural hazards become disasters due to location and the vulnerability of humans through their own decision making and the lack of appropriate mitigation measures. The opinion that human decisions and actions create or exacerbate vulnerability to disaster is shared by many observers, where so called ‘natural disasters’ are seen to be the result of poorly managed risk when natural hazards take place. There is strong argument that appropriate actions taken by humans before, during and after a natural hazardous event, will help to prevent that event turning into a disaster. The Dictionary of Human Geography (Gregory, 2009:198) describes natural hazards as ‘geophysical events†¦ that can potentially cause major economic damage and physical injury or death’. The International Day for Disaster Reduction, held every 13th October, focuses on how international organisations and countries around the world attempt to minimise the disastrous consequences of natural hazards. Initiated in 1990 by the United Nations when they announced the International Decade of Disaster Reduction, this led to the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) in 2000. In July 2016 fresh impetus was given to this strategy, with the launch of the Sendai Seven Campaign to encourage a refocusing on disaster prevention over the next seven years. There areShow MoreRelatedEmergency Preparedness, Response And Recovery Programmes1543 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresentatives met in Kobe, Japan to address one of the most important tests the world has to face: disaster r isk reduction (DRR). The product of the conference was the 10 year Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. 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Taxing Capital Gains Views from Australia

Question: Discuss about the Taxing Capital Gains Views from Australia. Answer: Letter of advice: Dear Mr Jacob According to the ITAA 1997, every Australian occupant is held liable to pay tax based on the sources from which it is earned be it within or outside of Australia. After analysing the documentary evidence and details, we have understood that you have satisfied the criteria to be called a permanent Australian resident for the taxation year of 2015-16. Going by your private details and your financial plans, we have prepared a report to offer you guidance and advice based on your tax consequences with appropriate tax benefit. CGT on disposal of house property: You intend to sell off your house property in the current taxation year which constitute a CGT asset under section 108-5 (1) of ITAA 1997. It is worth mentioning that Date of Acquisition forms an important element in determining the capital gains tax. Furthermore, the CGT status of an asset largely depend upon the acquisition date such as an asset acquired on or before September 21 1985 will constitute a pre-CGT asset and any such revenue derived is liable to be exempted from tax. Cost base of the asset held or acquired after 21 September 1985 but before 20 September 1999 is calculated under the indexation method which assessing tax (Barkoczy2016). Under such circumstances, the taxpayer is not eligible for 50% exemption on such assets under the index cost base. You bought the old house property on 31st October 1987, which does not constitute a Pre-CGTasset. As the date of acquisition is prior to 20th September 1999, the cost base of such assets must be assessed for taxable purpose under the indexation method. After analysing your document, it is found that you have owned the asset for more than 2 years and being an individual taxpayer you can avail either indexation method or 50% exemption method according to your suitability. Cost base of the Asset: Cost base of the property forms the purchase price of the asset. It is understood from the analysis that at the time acquisition of asset you incurred an expense for legal cost and stamp duty relating to the purchase of property. As per Section 110-25, such expenses forms the part of total cost base and based on indexation method, such index values relating to the expenses should be included with the purchase price of the property (Woellneret al. 2016). It was found that you incurred additional expenses to make the sellable, which should also be included with the original value in computing the cost base under indexation method and 50% exemption method. Exemption for residential property: Capital gains arising out of sale of residential property are exempted from tax. It is found that you have used house as your main residence after purchase barring the period from 31stOctober 2006 to 31stDecember 2014. Thus, we would to like to inform you that you cannot avail full exemption since the residential property remain vacant for eight consecutive years (Wood, Ong andWinter 2012). You are only eligible to avail exemption for the rest of the period and only advised to pay tax on capital gains for a period of eight years. Calculation of capital gains: A detailed computation on sale of property and capital gains derived under both 50% reduction method and indexation method is given below in accordance with the rules and assumption stated above; Calculation of Net Capital Gain Taxation for the year ending 30th June, 2016 Particulars Actual Cost Indexed Cost Amount ($) Amount ($) Anticipated Sale Proceedings $4,80,000 $4,80,000 Cost of Property: Purchase Cost -190000 -274223 Legal Costs incurred on Purchase -1900 -2742 Stamp Duty incurred on Purchase -4850 -7000 Expenses incurred on Re-Painting -6200 -6200 Expenses incurred on Construction of Fence -3600 -3600 Expenses incurred on Repairing of Front Porch -2400 -2400 Capital Gains on Sale of House Property $2,71,050 1,83,835 Less: 50% Exemption -135525 0 135525 183835 Less: Part Exemption for Main Residential Status 98139 133122 Net Taxable Capital Gains $37,386 $50,713 From the above stated computation it is found that capital gains under 50% reduction method will be less than that of the indexation method. Amount derived from capital gains under the 50% reduction should be considered as your statutory income (Minas and Lim 2013). Assessable income for Tax: Incomes are classified under two heads namely ordinary income and statutory income. As stated under Division 15, ITAA 1997 Ordinary Income represents those incomes, which is derived from the normal course of activities whereas, statutory incomes are those incomes, which are earned from abnormal or accidental activities (Gilders 2012,). The status of your incomes is stated below; Income from salary: You are teacher by profession and earn salary by imparting teaching services to your employers. Under section, 15-3 of ITAA 1997 it is considered as return to work payment and it is assessable in the form of ordinary income. Franked dividends: The dividend received by you should exhibit the entire amount for assessment while filing tax return however; you can subtract the sum of franking credit from the gross sum of tax payable. Holiday received from bank for opening new account: The cash amount received by you for holiday from bank because of opening new bank account will be included in the assessable income. As stated under section 21A, any non-cash benefits such as holiday being capable of being measured in cash values does not forming the part of employment relationship in included in the ordinary assessable income while computing tax (Freebairn 2012). Family tax benefit: Family tax benefit received for a dependent child under the age of 21 is not included for assessment. You are only advised to show such expenses in your assessable income and can offset such from your total tax. Watch received as gift: It is found that you received a gift as lifesaver and such gift received by you was entirely without any intentions to earn. Hence, such gift does not constitute in the form of assessable income. Allowable deductions: Expenses occurred for daily livelihood does not forms the part of assessable income. However, expenses occurred for generating income from any sources then such expenses are liable to be deducted from the assessable income. The expenses incurred by include; Purchase of work cloth and shoes: According the documents obtained from your employer it is understood that the official uniform is approved by the authority and it deductions can be availed from the assessable income (Long, Campbell and Kelshaw 2016). Under division 34 of ITAA 1997you can apply for deductions for the expenses incurred on the purchase of clothes and shoes on being approved under register of approved occupational clothing. Work related car expenses: Any kind of expenses incurred for generating income, which is related to work and employment, is eligible for deductions under Division 900 ITAA 1997. It should be noted that not all car expenses are subjected to deductions. Going by the documents provided by you it is found that depreciation is not separately provided by you. Depreciation forms the part of car expenses and should be calculated under the taxable rules. It is noticed that the car ran 25,000 Kms. out of which 5600 Kms was run for occupational purpose. Hence, out of total car expenses a portion of such sum is eligible for deductions from the assessable income in form of work related expense (Wallace 2015). Below listed is the calculation of your deductible car expenses is given below; Particulars Amount ($) Total Kilometre Ran 25000 Work-Related Running Kilometre 5600 Percentage of Work-Related Usage 22.40% Deductible Running Expenses: Fuel Charges $1,700 Repairs Service Expenses $750 Depreciation Expense of Car $10,500Sum of total Running Expenses $12,950 Work Related Car Expenses 2,901 Cost incurred for studying:It is found that you have continued your educations in order to gain promotion. As stated under section 8-1 you can claim deductions on expenses incurred during your own educations (Butler 2016). However, you are not eligible to claim deductions for expenses incurred in the procuring laptop since it represents capita in nature. Superannuation expenses: We would like to inform you that since you are engaged in regular employment, which is more than 10% of the total income. Hence, you cannot claim for any kind of deductions on your superannuation contribution (Jones 2016). Fees incurred on tax agent: Fees incurred on certified tax agent for filling up tax return is not considered as deductible expenses. Computation of Income tax: Based on the above stated discussions and assumptions laid down your net taxable return for the year 2015-16 is listed below: Calculation of Taxable Income for the year ended 30th June,2016 Particulars Amount in ($) Amount in ($) Assessable Income: Ordinary Income: Salary $72,000 Dividends Received $1,995 Franking Credit $855 $2,850 Holidays received $3,200 Family Tax Benefit $1,300 Statutory Income: Net Capital Gain on Sale of House Property $37,386 EUM of TOTAL ASSESSABLE INCOME 116736 Allowable Deduction: Purchase of Working Clothes Shoes $450 Cost of Studying Maters Degree $3,650 Less: Cost of Laptop $1,850 $1,800 Tax Agent Fees $7,50 Car Related Expenses $2,901 Depreciation on Laptop $255 Sum of TOTAL ALLOWABLE DEDUCTION $6,156 NET INCOME TAXABLE $1,10,580 From the above stated table it can depicted that your taxable income stands $1,10,580 and you will be considered under the range of $80,001 to $180,000. Thus, you are require to $17,547 with 37% of the excess income for having earnings beyond $80,000. You shall also be required to pay 2% of the Medicare levy on the net taxable amount since you have a dependent child so you are not required to pay any Medicare levy surcharge (Yinger, Bloom and Boersch 2016). Furthermore, we are also offering you advise where you can avail tax offsets; Franking credit: The franking credit obtained on dividend can be deducted from the sum of total tax payable. Family tax benefit: Family tax benefit is exempted from tax and the benefit put forward by you in your assessable income is eligible for deductions from total tax payable (Nel 2016). From the above stated discussions the sum of tax payable by you for the period of 2015-16 is computed in the below listed table; Calculation of Tax on Taxable Income for the year ended 30th June, 2016 Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) NET TAXABLE INCOME $1,10,580 Tax on Taxable Income $28,547 Add: Medicare Levy @2% $2,212 GROSS INCOME TAX $30,758 Less: Tax Offset Franking Credit $855 Family Tax Benefit $1,300 PAYG Withholding $15,900 $18,055 NET TAX on TAXABLE INCOME $12,703 Recommendations: After going through the documents provided by you it is advised that instead of selling up the house you should sub lent the house on rent and purchase new house. You can simply prepay the interest incurred on your investment property in order to claim deductions. Whether the house is positively or negatively geared you can put forward your claims on the rental property by being the principle owner of it. It is further recommended that you can claim tax offset on your work related expenses such as telephone cost and subscriptions. In addition to this, you can also claim education tax offset for your family by up to 50% of the cost items such as educational software, home computers, text books and cost incurred for stationaries. Thus, we anticipate that the above stated discussions and recommendations has addressed your queries and have been able to offer you complete satisfactions. References: Barkoczy, S., 2016. Core tax legislation and study guide.OUP Catalogue Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press Wood, G., Ong, R. andWinter, I. 2012, "Stamp duties, land tax and housing affordability: The case for reform", Australian Tax Forum, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 331-349. Minas, J. and Lim, Y. 2013, "Taxing capital gains - views from Australia, Canada and the United States", eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 191. Gilders, F.M. 2012, Understanding taxation law 2012, [6th], 2012. edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, N.S.W. Freebairn, J. 2012, "Personal Income Taxation", Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 18-23. Long, B., Campbell, J. and Kelshaw, C., 2016. The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), p.94. Butler, D., 2016. Superannuation: Transferring foreign super fund amounts to an Australian resident.Taxation in Australia,50(8), p.481. Wallace, S., 2015. Property Taxation in a Global Economy: Is a Capital Gains Tax on Real Property a Good Idea. InPrepared for the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy-Land Policy Institute of Taiwan, Conference on Toward A(pp. 24-25). Jones, D., 2016. Capital gains tax: The rise of market value?.Taxation in Australia,51(2), p.67. Yinger, J., Bloom, H.S. and Boersch-Supan, A., 2016.Property taxes and house values: The theory and estimation of intrajurisdictional property tax capitalization. Elsevier. Nel, P., 2016. Primary residences, rental income, and tax: income tax.Tax Breaks Newsletter,2016(366), pp.2-3.

Shakespeares Twelfth Night a play in the genre of comedy Essay Example

Shakespeares Twelfth Night a play in the genre of comedy Paper However, within the play, arguably t the heart of it, there are other themes such as confusion and misunderstanding which lead to the question Of whether foolishness is truly at the heart of the play and if there are other themes to consider. Twelfth Night begins to suggest that foolishness and triviality will be at the centre of the play from the beginning due to the many contextual connotations it has relating to the Elizabethan festival, also known as the Feast of Fools. From this reference, the audience can already begin to predict hat not only will there be foolish behavior, but from the word feast they can deduct that there will in fact be a surplus. The festival Twelfth Night occurs annually on the 5th of January where food and drink are typically at the centre of celebrations but I rather think it consists of eating and drinking. Foolish behavior can be expected to result from this over indulgence and is clearly exhibited in Sir Toby and Sir Andrew who are foolish drunkards throughout come so early of this lethargy, resulting in some linguistic moody as well as well as many opportunities for physical comedy as a result of foolish behavior. Furthermore, the historical connotations related with Twelfth Night, similarly confirm that foolishness lies at the heart of the play as the Twelfth Night festival involved a large amount of role reversal, this too can be related to the play. Role reversal during the festival, commonly took place between people of vastly different classes; usually between someone of a lower class with that of a much higher status. Within Twelfth Night, Viola rockers to disguise herself as Corsair, a man. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Twelfth Night a play in the genre of comedy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Twelfth Night a play in the genre of comedy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Twelfth Night a play in the genre of comedy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This class exchange is evident within the play as due to the patriarchal conventions of the time, men were seen of a much higher class than women. During the Elizabethan period, any role reversal of the sort would have caused considerable controversy and to the audience may have seemed exceedingly foolish, consequently portraying Viola as a fool, throughout the play; thus it could be argued that foolishness is present constantly and therefore at the heart of the play. Dramatic irony created from this foolish misconception further creates humor through-out as the audience is aware of Violas true identity, l am not what am, and the characters appear to be oblivious and completely unaware of the truth, hence creating more fatuous impressions of the characters.

9 Tips for Successful Textbook Adoption

9 Tips for Successful Textbook Adoption Textbooks are vital tools within the realm of education and textbook adoption is an essential part of the process. The textbook industry is a multi-billion dollar industry.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Textbooks are to teachers and students as a bible is to pastors and their congregations. The issue with textbooks is that they quickly become outdated as standards and content continually change. For example, the impending Common Core State Standards are resulting in a massive shift in focus amongst textbook manufacturers. To offset this, many states adopt textbooks in a five-year cycle rotating amongst the core subjects. It is essential that the people choosing the textbooks for their district choose the right textbook because they will be stuck with their choice for at least five years. The following information will guide you through the textbook adoption process on your way to choosing the right textbook for your needs. Form a Committee Many districts have curriculum directors that lead the textbook adoption process, but sometimes this process falls back on the school principal. In any case, the person put in charge of this process should put a committee of 5-7 members together to assist in the adoption process. The committee should be made up of the curriculum director, building principal, several teachers who teach the subject up for adoption, and a parent or two. The committee will be charged with finding the best textbook that meets the overall district’s needs. Obtain Samples The first duty of the committee is to solicit samples from each of the textbook vendors that have been approved by your state department. It is critical that you only select approved vendors. Textbook companies will send you a comprehensive set of samples that include both teacher and student materials across all grade levels for the subject being adopted. Be sure to have a place set aside with lots of room to store your samples. Once you have finished previewing the material, you can typically return the material back to the company at no charge. Compare Content to Standards Once the committee has received all their requested samples, they should begin to go through the scope and sequence looking for how the textbook aligns to current standards. No matter how good a textbook is if it does not align to the standards your district uses, then it becomes obsolete. This is the most crucial step in the textbook adoption process. It is also the most tedious and time-consuming step. Each member will go through each book, making comparisons, and taking notes. Finally, the entire committee will look at each individual’s comparisons and cut out any textbook that doesn’t align at that point. Teach a Lesson The teachers on the committee should pick a lesson from each perspective textbook and use that book to teach the lesson. This allows teachers to get a feel for the material, to see how it motivates their students, how their students respond, and to make comparisons about each product through the application. The teachers should make notes throughout the process highlighting things they liked and things they didn’t. These findings will be reported to the committee. Narrow It Down At this point, the committee should have a solid feel for all the different textbooks available. The committee should be able to narrow it down to their top three choices. With only three choices, the committee should be able to narrow their focus and are on their way to deciding which is the best choice for their district. Bring in Individual Sales Representatives The sales representatives are the true experts within their respective textbooks. Once you have narrowed your choices, you can invite the remaining three company’s sales representatives to give a presentation to your committee members. This presentation will allow committee members to gain more in-depth information from an expert. It also allows the committee members to ask questions that they may have about a specific textbook. This part of the process is about giving committee members more information so that they can make an informed decision. Compare Costs The bottom line is that school districts operate on a tight budget. This means that the cost of textbooks is likely already in the budget. It important that the committee knows they cost of each textbook as well as the district’s budget for these textbooks. This plays a crucial part of choosing textbooks. If the committee deems a particular textbook as the best option, but the cost of purchasing those books is $5000 over the budget, they probably should consider the next option. Compare Free Materials Every textbook company offers â€Å"free materials† if you adopt their textbook. These free materials are of course not â€Å"free† as you likely pay for them in some manner, but they are valuable to your district. Many textbooks now offer materials that can be incorporated with classroom technology such as smart boards. They often offer free workbooks for the life of the adoption. Each company puts their own spin on the free materials, so the committee needs to look at each available option in this area as well. Come to a Conclusion The final charge of the committee is to decide which textbook they should adopt. The committee will put in many hours over the course of several months and should have a clear idea of that point as to which option is their best option. The main thing is that they make the right choice because they will likely be stuck with their choice for several years to come.

David by Michelangelo Essays

David by Michelangelo Essays David by Michelangelo Paper David by Michelangelo Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: David by Michelangelo David is a Renaissance sculpture that was formed between 1502 and 1504, by the Italian sculptor, Michelangelo. The sculpture is a 17-foot marble bust that displays a naked standing male. The character used in the sculpture represents the biblical King David, a special subject in Florentine art. The sculpture was initially commissioned as one of a set of masterpieces of prophets to be situated alongside the roofline of the Florence Cathedral. However, the statue was alternatively placed in the Palazzo della Signoria public square, in Florence City where it was made public in 1504. Because of the personality of the individual it represented, it soon came to denote the defense of social liberties embodied in Florence, a self-governing city-state endangered from all directions by powerful adversary states. The original statue was relocated to the Accademia Gallery in Florence and replaced with a replica at the same location. Historical background Before Michelangelo became involved in the development of the statue, the management at the Florence Cathedral had planned to erect twelve massive Old Testament effigies that would also act as the buttresses for the building. In fact, work had already started on these sculptures led by Donatello (Joshua and David sculpture) and Agostino’s unfinished David sculpture. However, just before the project was complete, the cathedral management ran into the challenge of how to hoist the sculpture onto the roof. Finally, they appointed a team of several artists to deliberate on the most appropriate location for the statue. Interpretation of the sculpture Michelangelo’s David was slightly different from earlier representations of the theme in that the biblical character was not portrayed as the killer of the giant Goliath. Typically, David was always represented as holding Goliath’s head, and, in fact, Verrocchio and Donatello sculpted their own works with this traditional inclusion. Most academics believe that the masterpiece showed David when he was preparing for a battle with Goliath. Instead of showing signs of victory over an enemy mightier than he was, David’s face displayed a lot of tension and preparedness for combat. The muscles in his neck stood out stiffly; his facial especially his upper lip was taut; his forehead was wrinkled, and his eyes appeared to concentrate attentively on a far away object. While veins were protruding from his lowered hand, his body was in a tranquil pose, and he was armed with his sling that was lying offhandedly over his shoulder. The calm pose itself was dissimilar from any other earlier representations of David; Both Verrocchio and Donatello had created sculptures of David standing triumphant over Goliath’s head while Andrea del Castagno had portrayed the character while he was swinging his weapon and Goliath’s head down at his feet. However, the entire range of masterpieces done by earlier Florentine artist had not failed to include the Philistine giant overall. The difference between his powerful appearance and his peaceful pose, possibly suggested that David’s sculpture represented his demeanor after he decided to wrestle Goliath, but before the real encounter. The large part of his body mass was stressed on his back leg in a manner consistent with the Renaissance tradition of portraying its subjects in retreated, composed positions, just before they sprung into action. Michelangelo’s representation was that of the period between mindful choice and conscious battle. Michelangelo’s David was a Renaissance understanding of a general historical Greek theme of the upright valiant male nude. In the High Renaissance, contrapposto styles were regarded as a characteristic feature of historic sculpture. In David, the form stands with one leg supporting its complete weight and the other leg loosened up. This traditional pose makes the statue’s shoulders and hips to sit at conflicting angles, creating a small s-curve to the complete upper body. Additionally, the head was twisted to the left, whereas the left arm was lifted towards his left shoulder and his sling that was thrown on his back. Michelangelo’s David became one of the most celebrated sculptures of Renaissance sculpture, becoming a representation of both might and youthful human attractiveness. The gigantic mass of the sculpture was the most extraordinary feature of Michelangelo’s statue compared to that of his rivals. One of the artists, Vasari described the sculpture as a marvel created by Michelangelo that had the ability to bring to life the past memories of the dead. He concluded by mentioning all the other marvelous creations that were done by Michelangelo over the Renaissance period. The sizes of David and other sculptures were an atypical feature of Michelangelo’s efforts; the effigy had an abnormally large head and limbs especially the right hand. These exaggerations may be because the effigy would have been initially displayed on the cathedral rooftop, where the significant parts of the statue would unavoidably be emphasized in order to be noticeable from below. The statue was also abnormally slim when compared to its height. While most artist would have attributed this difference to individual taste, it was probably Michelangelo’s oversight that could not be rectified. It is probable that David was envisaged as a political effigy before Michelangelo started to sculpt it. Definitely, David had long been perceived as a political character in Florentine culture, and pictures of the Biblical personality were already influencing political actions there. Donatello’s David made of pure bronze as a distinct feature in the Medici family quarters. Later on, it still assumed a political role at the Palazzo della Signoria courtyard, where it represented the Republican government. Analysts have even pointed out that David’s undamaged penis that went against Judaic practice was in line with the traditions of Renaissance art. Conclusion Michelangelo’s David arrived from the Piazza della Signoria in 1873 due to the threat of natural erosion that would erode the sculpture as well as intentional damage. There were undocumented reports of vandalism in 1991 hen a man defaced the statue. After this incident, the statue was considered for renovation several times. A replica of the sculpture was however, made and placed in the exact position, in Piazza della Signoria. In spite of the awareness of the statue’s illustration, the utter magnitude of the marble effigy always surprised all the contemporaries and even the present day viewers. The present connection between Florence City and David is highly political. Since the Renaissance period, Florence perceived the David statue as a symbol of the city. David’s power, bravery and youthful assurance were the picture that Florence needed to project. In the 14th century, Florence regained its position as a republic. David signified the city’s sovereignt y from unknown authority, both the aristocracy and colonialists. Like Florence, David illustrated a calm power that was often overlooked by many. The strategic position outside the state offices also made it seem like he was a guard that reminded the citizens to defend bravely and lead fairly.

Why do we study the classical theorists Of what use are such concepts Essay - 1

Why do we study the classical theorists Of what use are such concepts as Clausewitzs trinity - Essay Example Their findings have enabled us to understand some concepts faster as opposed to if we were to start from square one. Generally, the works of classical theorists help us take in and process an otherwise a large quantity of knowledge (Ritzer 2003). Concepts such as Clausewitz’s concept of a trinity have proved to be very useful to both theorists and practitioners. The concept has helped students to focus on critical aspect of life that could have been obscured with the experiences of the world that keep on changing. The Clausewitz’s concept of a trinity is an interactive set of three elements which drive the events taking place in a war in the real world. The three elements or forces include people, government and armed forces. Clausewitz’s concept of a trinity has greatly influenced the current strategic theories and policies of war. The concept has familiarized students of military art with the events of war. The theory has stood the test of time and is still being applied in war situations today (New 1996). New, Col Larry D. "Clausewitz’s Theory: on War and Its Application Today." Airpower Journal , 1996. HYPERLINK "http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj96/fall96/new-lar.html"

How representative is the House of Commons in terms of gender and Essay

How representative is the House of Commons in terms of gender and ethnicity - Essay Example A conclusion with some recommendations on how the issue can be addressed is also given. Introduction The Great Britain has two houses of legislature; the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is the lower house in the British Parliament. The House comprises elected members of Parliament, who represent the interests of the constituencies they are elected from. The House of Commons wields an immense power on the control of the government, since it is the one responsible for making legislations, while the upper house, the House of Lords, has an oversight role over the House of Commons, without any powers to reject the legislations done by the lower house, but only to delay such actions (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). Thus the government with the prime minister is highly dependent on the cooperation with the House of Commons, to execute its mandates (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). Despite all the attempts that have been made to have the House of Commons th at is representative of the minority, ethnic and gender balance, the situation has not completely borne fruits. By 2009, the House of Lords was found to be more representative of the social diversity in the British society, having reasonable numbers of women and ethnic minorities, compared to the House of Commons (Philips, 2009 n.p.). The number of ethnic minorities in the British House of Commons by the year 2009 was a meager 15, which is however a notable improvement from the previous periods, where the representation for women and the ethnic minority was significantly less (Philips, 2009 n.p). Therefore, based on this trend, it is prudent to conclude that the House of Commons is not representative of the gender and ethnic minorities. However, there is a great hope that the situation will keep improving with time, to generate a House of Common with a social make-up, which is highly diversified and representative of gender balance and ethnic equality. Because it is not possible tha t each member of the society can voice their needs to the government, democracy supports such modes of representation where the members of the House of Commons act as a bridge between the citizens and the government (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). Such members are able to speak on behalf of the people through debates and passing of bills on the floor of the House, to address their concerns and make their voice be heard, through voting for or against the bills. The British law requires that the Parliament represents the interest of the people, both demographically and geographically. While geographic representation refers to the representation of the people based on the designated parliamentary constituencies, the demographic representation focuses on the different social groups. These groups may include the ethnic minorities and the females, which have always got lesser representations in the Parliament (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.). Nevertheless, considering the fact that the House of Commons comprises 647 members, only 143 women and only 27 members from ethnic minorities were elected to the Parliament in the 2010 general elections (History Learning Site, 2013 n.p.), then, there is no doubt that the House of

Homework in Performance Techniques Essay Example for Free

Homework in Performance Techniques Essay Sound Waves- A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a medium (such as air, water, or any other liquid or solid matter) as it propagates away from the source of the sound. The source is some object that causes a vibration, such as a ringing telephone, or a persons vocal chords. The vibration disturbs the particles in the surrounding medium; those particles disturb those next to them, and so on. The pattern of the disturbance creates outward movement in a wave pattern, like waves of seawater on the ocean. The wave carries the sound energy through the medium, usually in all directions and less intensely as it moves farther from the source. Prequency and Wave Length In physics, the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the waves shape repeats.[1] It is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. [2][3] Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letterlambda (ÃŽ »). The concept can also be applied to periodic waves of non-sinusoidal shape.[1][4] The term wavelength is also sometimes applied to modulatedwaves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids.[5] The SI unit of wavelength is the meter. Reverberations Reverberation is the persistence of sound in a particular space after the original sound is removed.[1] A reverberation, or reverb, is created when a sound is produced in an enclosed space causing a large number of echoes to build up and then slowly decay as the sound is absorbed by the walls and air.[2] This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the reflections continue, decreasing in amplitude, until they can no longer be heard. The length of this sound decay, or reverberation time, receives special consideration in the architectural design of large chambers, which need to have specific reverberation times to achieve optimum performance for their intended activity.[3] In comparison to a distinct echo that is 50 to 100 ms after the initial sound, reverberation is many thousands of echoes that arrive in very quick succession (.01 – 1 ms between echoes). As time passes, the volume of the many echoes is reduced until the echoes cannot be heard at all. Refraction Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. It is essentially a surface phenomenon . The phenomenon is mainly in governance to the law of conservation of energy. The proper explanation would be that due to change of medium, the phase velocity of the wave is changed but its frequency remains constant. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle other than 90Â ° or 0Â °. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different depth. Refraction is described by Snells law, which states that for a given pair of media and a wave with a single frequency, the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence ÃŽ ¸1 and angle of refraction ÃŽ ¸2 is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities (v1 / v2) in the two media, or equivalently, to the opposite ratio of the indices of refraction (n2 / n1): Diffraction- Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word diffraction and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1665.[2][3] In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. Similar effects occur when light waves travel through a medium with a varying refractive index or a sound wave through one with varying acoustic impedance. Diffraction occurs with all waves, includingsound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, x-rays and radio waves. As physical objects have wave-like properties (at the atomic level), diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Passive Absorption- According to this theory ions are absorbed by the root along with mass flow of water under the influence of transpiration. This theory failed to explain the salt accumulation against osmotic gradient. An increase in transpiration pull increases the uptake of ions by the roots. The uptake of ions by free diffusion. Thus, mass flow of ions through the root tissues occurs due to transpiration pull in the absence of metabolic energy.

Iago in William Shakespeares Othello Essay examples -- Shakespeare Ch

Iago in William Shakespeare's Othello Iago has many motives for destroying the other characters in the play. One of these is jealousy. Iago is jealous of Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and even his own wife, Emilia. He is jealous of Othello for many reasons. Iago wants the power and the respect that Othello has. We see this in Act 2 scene 1 where Iago says ‘the moor- howbeit I endure him not- is of a constant, loving, noble nature’ which hints that he wants what Othello has as they are both opposites and these attributes may be the ones he will need to gain power. Iago is jealous of Othello’s marriage with the senator’s daughter as it gives Othello even more power and an attractive wife- he envies Othello for his wife as he states ‘I do love her too’ which suggest that Iago may have feelings towards Desdemona making him more jealous of what Othello has. Also Iago is crude and racist and always calls Othello the ‘moor’ which is a racist term. This could be the reason for his jealousy as he finds the fact that Othello is above him quite unnatural. In his soliloquy, Iago states ‘he’s done my office’ referring to Othello, which means Othello has slept with his wife making him even more jealous, even though he does not know if it is true or not. Iago is also jealous of Desdemona. He wants to be in her place- he wants to be an influential person to Othello- he wants to be closer to him thus closer to power. He twists the fact that Othello is passionate and obsessed with Desdemona to his own advantage. We see this when Iago states that he will ‘put the moor at least into a jealousy so strong that judgement cannot cure’ meaning that Iago will use... ...om Cassio) with his words and need not use them anymore. We are left to make our own minds up about why Iago did it. There are hints here and there but still we do not know him well enough to conclude what his reasons were from the evidence we receive throughout the play. We cannot even be sure that Iago was telling us his true thoughts in his soliloquies about Othello and Cassio having slept with Emilia. May be he is motiveless: he just invents reasons to be bad. We do not hear of the affair situation anywhere outside Iagos soliloquies. He does say himself ‘I am not what I am’ so does this not mean that anything he seems to be he is not and everything he says is a lie. I believe that Iago is the character with the most depth that I have ever encountered- so much depth that it becomes almost impossible to analyse him.

Gerdes Psychological Services Essay

E3-1B| (Transaction Analysis—Service Company) Brown is a licensed CPA. During the first month of operations of her business (a sole proprietorship), the following events and transactions occurred. | | | April| | | | | | | 3| Purchased supplies on account $1,610.| | | | | 11| Completed a tax assignment and billed client $2,530 for services rendered. | | 12| Received $7,360 advance on a management consulting engagement.| | 17| Received cash of $5,290 for services completed for Calunga Co.| | 21| Paid insurance expense $253.| | 30| Owe the secretary-receptionist $2,668 for the month.| | 30| A count of supplies indicated that $276 of supplies had been used.| | 30| Purchased a new computer for $14,030| (LO 4)| | | InstructionsJournalize the transactions in the general journal. (Omit explanations.)Problem #3| | E3-3B | (Corrected Trial Balance) The trial balance of Cervantes Corporation, below, does not balance. | | | CERVANTES CORPORATIONTRIAL BALANCEAPRIL 30, 2010| | Debit| Credit| Cash| $11,824| | Accounts Receivable| 10,480| | Supplies on Hand| 5,934| | Furniture and Equipment| 12,200| | Accounts Payable| | $14,088| Common Stock| | 16,000| Retained Earnings| | 4,000| Service Revenue| | 10,400| Office Expense| 8,640| | | $49,078| $44,488| An examination of the ledger shows these errors. | 1. | Cash received from a customer on account was recorded as $2,760 instead of $3,660.| | 2. | The purchase on account of a computer costing $6,400 was recorded as a debit to Office Expense and a credit to Accounts Payable.| | 3. | Services were performed on account for a client, $4,500, for which Accounts Receivable was debited $4,500 and Service Revenue was credited $450.| | 4. | A payment of $190 for telephone charges was entered as a debit to Office Expenses and a debit to Cash.| | 5. | The Service Revenue account was totaled at $10,400 instead of $10,560.| | (LO 4)| | | InstructionsFrom this information prepare a corrected trial balanceProblem #4| | | | | | | | E3-5B | (Adjusting Entries) The ledger of Chan Rental Agency on March 31 of the current year includes the following selected accounts before adjusting entries have been prepared. | | | | Debit| Credit| Prepaid Insurance| $ 2,700| | Supplies| 2,100| | Equipment| 18,750| | Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment| | $ 6,300| Notes Payable| | 15,000| Unearned Rent Revenue| | 6,975| Rent Revenue| | 45,000| Interest Expense| –0– | | Wage Expense| 10,500| | An analysis of the accounts shows the following. | 1. | The equipment depreciates $188 per month.| | 2. | One-third of the unearned rent was earned during the quarter.| | 3. | Interest of $375 is accrued on the notes payable.| | 4. | Supplies on hand total $637.| | 5. | Insurance expires at the rate of $225 per month.| | (LO 5)| | | InstructionsPrepare the adjusting entries at March 31, assuming that adjusting entries are made quarterly. Additional accounts are: Depreciation Expense; Insurance Expense; Interest Payable; and Supplies Expense.| | | | Problem # 5 | | | | E3-8B | (Adjusting Entries) Dement is the new owner of Fung Computer Services. At the end of August 2010, his first month of ownership, Dement is trying to prepare monthly financial statements. Below is some information related to unrecorded expenses that the business incurred during August. | 1. | At August 31, Dement owed his employees $2,280 in wages that will be paid on September 1.| | 2. | At the end of the month he had not yet received the month’s utility bill. Based on past experience, he estimated the bill would be approximately $720.| | 3. | On August 1, Dement borrowed $36,000 from a local bank on a 15-year mortgage. The annual interest rate is 6%.| | 4. | A telephone bill in the amount of $140 covering August charges is unpaid at August 31.5.During August, Dement earned $1000 of $6000 that was received from a client at the end of July.| | (LO 5)| | | InstructionsInstructionsPrepare the adjusting journal entries as of August 31, 2010, suggested by the information above.| | | | |

Personality and Ill Health

Among the psychological factors that impact health, personality – that is table individual differences in thinking, feeling and behaving- plays a pivotal role. For example, an individual high in a sense of coherence (SOC), therefore perceive less stress and see the world as more manageable, resulting in good health (Williams, 2010). Furthermore, the individual differences that exist In terms of the attitude the individual has towards their health and how they conceptualize their illness Is very important.Although It Is a popular notion that personality traits Influence the state of a persons physical health, It Is difficult to establish the true nature of the relationship between resonantly and health , including measurement, the distinction between subjectively reported symptoms and objective signs of illness and the direction of causation (Matthews et al. , 2003). Four ways in which health status and personality might be linked have been identified by Souls and Retouches, (1 990).Firstly is the strongest assumptions about the importance of personality traits which represent biologically based differences that may cause different illness outcomes. Second, the relationship between traits and illness might be correlation rather than casual. Third is the usability that traits lead to behaviors that In turn lead to illnesses e. G. Smoking. Finally, Illnesses may cause personality changes. Nonetheless research has tended to focus on one of these aspects at a time which may oversimplify the complete Interrelationships that are likely to exist (Friedman, 2000).The past has shown that from early times a link has almost always been made between personality and illness. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) described physical illness as being caused by the balance of bodily fluids or humors – meaning personality traits (Steelmaker and Swastika. , 1992). Personality is often conceptualized as specific behavioral styles as opposed to personality disorders or personality d omains. Type A, Type B, Type C and Type D are some examples of a collection of behavior patterns that are grouped together to form a personality type.Type A personality is one of the most studied of these. It Is a behavior pattern marked by tenseness, impatience and aggressiveness, often relating in stress related symptoms such as insomnia and Indigestion, and possibly Increasing the risk of heart disease. The term Type A' was developed by Friedman & Rosen man (1 959), by which stile, and very tense – summarized basically as a â€Å"workaholic† personality. Type A personality was developed using structured interviews, however, although reliable it was labor intensive and therefore expensive.Due to this it lead to the development of the Jenkins self report measure Nonsense et al. , 1974). There were at least four major breakthrough studies of personality and cardiac vascular disease PROVIDING CONFLICTING RESULTS. The earliest success for Type A personality came from the Western Collaborative Group Study (Roseanne et al. , 1975). This study followed 3, 154 initially healthy men geed between 39 & 59 years. The sample was followed up 8 h years later with Type A men were found to have twice as much cardiovascular disease than Type B men.Type B personalities are very laid back , patient, and take a very relaxed low-key approach to life and their Job. This would suggest that Type A personalities are more prone to cardiovascular disease than Type B personalities. However, a later follow up study showed more negative or unequivocal results. After 22 years the same group reported no effects of Type A but quiet marked effects on mortality from blood erasure, cholesterol , smoking and age (Raglans & Brand, 1988), suggesting there was more than Type A personality directly increasing risk of coronary heart disease.Similarly, a cohort study known as the Farmington study, began between 1965 & 1967 (Haynes et al. , 1978). This involved 5,127 men and women being a ssessed and found the incidence of cardiovascular disease to be significantly higher in Type A than Type B. However, in a follow up study results were less clear cut as it was found that Type A personality was predictive of cardiovascular disease only in certain occupational groups. Also, women with cardiovascular disease scored more highly on Type A behavior and suppressed more hostility, tension and anxiety than men.Adding to these conflicting results were the Honolulu Heart Program Study (Cohen & Reid, 1985) and the British Regional Heart Study Monsoon et al 1987) which found no significant association between Type A personality and cardiovascular disease. These findings have tried to be explained through a meta-analysis of the literature (Booth-Kelley & Friedman, 1987) where findings were said to be due to the differences in the ways of assessing behavior and the use of different outcome assure, in that a distinction needs to be made between objectively and subjectively measurin g these outcomes.Although, an association was made between Type A personality and cardiovascular disease, the contradictory results can mean a number of things and further investigations of pathways and mechanisms is necessary to fully understand the associations. This suggests that although Type A may have an association to C. V. D. , it does not depict a definite outcome of illness. Another facet in research is that provided by personality theorists, where the components of personality are looked at instead of the personality as a whole.Glass (1977) found three separate components made up Type A personality. These included striving competitively for achievement, sense of urgency and high levels of hostility. Compared to the more relaxed, easy going Type BBS; Type As were seen as more concerned with having control and having lower threshold for perceiving Hostility here is described as the â€Å"toxic† component. In a meta-analysis of 45 studies (Chide & Step, 2009) conclude d hostility and anger was associated with an increase(20%) risk of C.H. D. Developing in originally healthy people. Also, research such as the Western Electric Study (1983) has consistently mound a link between hostility and C. H. D. Similarly, 12 longitudinal studies examined the role of hostility on the incidence of C. H. D. , 6 longitudinal studies have examined the role of hostility on C. H. D. Mortality and 2 longitudinal studies examined the role of hostility n sub clinical C. V. D. The results from these revealed that anger/hostility was associated with C. H. D. ND cause mortality, independent of potential biologic and socio-demographic confounder (Fink, 2009). In contrast, the high scores found on the personality trait of hostility assumed a casual link to C. H. D. -in that the illogical processes associated with hostile behavior are also associated with increased C. V. D. (Square et al 2002). The evidence provided here portrays that an individual that is more hostile is mor e prone to C. H. D. Either directly or through outcomes that individuals display such as smoking or drinking alcohol because of the hostile behavior.This evidence suggests that while type A personality alone cannot consistently predict C. H. D. , its subcomponents (such as hostility as discussed above) are in fact more reliable indicators . Due to the inconsistent findings on type A personality and C. H. D. It in turn resulted on an emphasis on individual differences. Research found that depression, low levels of social support, high hostility and anger being seen as risk factors in C. H. D. (Dickens et al. , 2007).It was concluded, psychological risk factors tended to cluster together in some individuals and they were therefore more likely to experience cardiac problems when dealing with chronic stress. Again, a personality type approach was developed- Personality Type D ( Denote, 2000), which consisted of combined states of anxiety, pessimism, despair and anger. Type D is also cha racterized by high levels of negative festivity (AN) and social inhibition, with individuals especially experiencing AN more likely to experience distress, anxiety, irritability, pessimism and worry.It is the combined effects of these negative emotions that define Type D (Cupper & Denote, 2007). However, it is this inability to cope that may help explain why some individuals are more prone to C. H. D. Although, it has recently been reported that Type D is an independent predictor of increased mortality among patients with coronary heart disease(Cupper & Denote, 2007), little to no research has investigated how type d ND non type d individual cope with stress.Both negative affectively and social inhibition involve distancing oneself from the stresses using avoidance or withdrawal coping strategies causing the individual to make fewer attempts to engage directly with the problem. Also individuals with type D are predicted to actively reduce their efforts to seek out social support (De note, 2000) which has been shown to be detrimental to health and well-being. A cross- sectional study of 334 1st year undergraduate students found a small but significant moderator effect for Type D for he disengagement symptom of burnout (Pullman et al, 2009).These findings also mirrored other findings with individuals high in personality trait neurotics, which shares similarities with negative affectively (egg Denote, 2005). Therefore, reduced levels in comparisons to non-type d individuals. This includes avoidance coping strategies as well, which in turn lead to higher stress levels influencing C. H. D. It is clear from the evidence provided that a relationship between personality and health exists, therefore making some individuals who possess traits such as hostility or eroticism more prone to illness than others without these traits.Although it is favorable to depict certain personality types (e. G. Type A) and relate these to ill health, instead it would be more beneficial to assess personality traits before the onset of illness so that the brief relationship between cause and effect can be established. From the literature, it is becoming more clear that the traits identified within personality types play a major role in predicting health and to understand this role is where the importance lies.Also, the research conveys the relationship teen personality and health can be explored more extensively when using wider arrays of psychosocial measures and outcomes in longitudinal studies (rather than cross-sectional)-ideally studies that follow people from childhood onwards (Friedman, 2000) as once again cause and effect may be established. Overall, the importance of understanding why some individuals are more prone to illness than others and the personality traits involved in this, is due to the simple reason it is better for health prevention and treatment. At the end of the day†¦. Your health is your wealth!

Law Term Paper Topics

Law Term Paper Topics A term paper implies – that you have studied for a specific term, and have obtained enough knowledge on the subject, enough to write a term paper, and incorporate the obtained knowledge and add additional information obtained by individual education and personal research. A law term paper is one of the most complicated term papers there is, as in a law term paper you will have to be asked to write specific things taught during the semester. In order for a student to be able to write a good law term paper on any topic – he will have to use 100% information provided during class as well as implement absolutely innovative knowledge from various books, journals, publications. If that seems impossible – there are always custom term paper writing services, such as CustomWritings.com for you to order a law term paper and forget about writing it. Using custom writing services is an easy and effective way to avoid problems with your law term paper. Using a CustomWritings.com is very easy and convenient, as all you have to do is provide clear and understandable instructions for writing the law term paper and possible law term paper topics you would like the writer to choose from. If you have managed to accomplish all that – getting a paper done is only a matter of time. If you wish to write the paper yourself – you will surely need a guidance of some sort, to understand what is expected of you, and to write an appropriate law term paper. The whole law term paper writing process can be divided into several stages. In these stages you have to: 1. Revise everything you have learnt during the education process. This is by far the most important stage, as here you have to remember everything you have learnt over the semester and sort thing out a specific way which you will use in the law term paper 2. Choose an appropriate law term paper topic. Topic may vary, but be careful no to pick a very easy topic. If you do that – the professor might have an idea that you are trying to pass his course with minimum effort. There are millions of law term paper topic examples over the internet. Try using one of those topics, but be careful not to plagiarize anything, as you can easily get in trouble with the academic administration. 3. Collect mandatory information, additional material, sources for writing the law term paper. Always write down the sources you have used. Referencing and citation is mandatory. If you fail to do so – you will have to explain your professor why your paper has appeared to be plagiarized. 4. Formulating the research hypothesis, narrowing the law term paper topic to a specific aspect he would like to discuss in your law term paper. There is nothing worse then a vague term paper. Try to be specific as possible, and try to include as many examples as possible. 5. Develop a quality and detailed outline, which will help you structure the information and write an excellent text to the law term paper. 6. Write the first draft of the law term paper and perform a critical analysis. Afterwards you need to revise and make amendments. 7. Print the final copy of your paper. If a student will be able to follow these simple stages – he definitely will write a good law term paper and prove to his professor Ð µÃ'€Ð µ he obtains some knowledge and is able to apply it in an appropriate field. Here is a list of the most popular law essay topics: 1. European Supremacy Law 2. The complex relationship of UK law and European Law has given UK litigants  access to legal remedies in a wide variety of situations further illustrating the extensive impact of the former legal system on the latter 3. Philosophy of Law 4. International Law and the Gender equality principle 5. International Treaties in Australian Domestic Law 6. Aquinas and Aristotle’s View of Law 7. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act 8. How a Bill Becomes a Law 9. Law and Morality 10. Megans Law in Australia 11. Evaluate the extent to which the English law of contract addresses inequality of bargaining power 12. Employment Law Sexual Orientation 13. Where does the impetus for law reform come fromand which bodies could reform the law? 14. Defamation Law on the Internet 15. Law of E-Commerce 16. Minimum Wage Law 17. EU Law: Educational organisation and policy are not as such included in the spheres which the Treaty 18. Trade Secret Law 19. Law Relating To Children 20. History of Constitutional Law 21. Evaluate Parliament as a Lawmaker 22. Sources of EC Law 23. Copyright Laws In Canada 24. The Mandatory Seat Belt Law 25. How effective is international law in dealing with military conflict?

Simple Dessiner (to Draw) Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Dessiner (to Draw) Verb Conjugations in French How would you say to draw in French? If you answered with the verb  dessiner, then you would be correct. When you want to change this to the past tense drew or the present tense drawing, then the verb needs to be conjugated. The good news is that this one is relatively straightforward. Conjugations of the French Verb  Dessiner Dessiner  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows the most common verb conjugation pattern in the French language. You can use the same infinitive endings you learn in this lesson and apply them to countless other words, including  demander  (to ask) and  diner  (to have dinner). Before any conjugation, we must identify the verb stem and for  dessiner, that is  dessin-. To this, we can add a variety of endings according to the subject pronoun to help our sentences make sense. As an example, adding a simple -e  creates the present tense  je  form so I am drawing becomes je dessine. Similarly, we will draw becomes nous desinerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dessine dessinerai dessinais tu dessines dessineras dessinais il dessine dessinera dessinait nous dessinons dessinerons dessinions vous dessinez dessinerez dessiniez ils dessinent dessineront dessinaient The Present Participle of  Dessiner A  quick change to an -ant  ending and  dessiner  is transformed into the  present participle  dessinant. This is a verb, of course, though you might also find it useful as an adjective, gerund, or noun at times. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © For the past tense drew, the options are the imperfect form or the  passà © composà ©. To form the latter, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to the subject pronoun, then add the  past participle  dessinà ©. The passà © composà © comes together quickly: I drew is jai dessinà © and we drew is nous avons dessinà ©. More Simple  Dessiner  Conjugations to Learn As your French improves, you will find uses for other simple forms of  dessiner  as well. For instance, when the action is uncertain, the subjunctive verb mood is used. In similar fashion, if the drawing requires that something else also happens, you can turn to the conditional verb form. The passà © simple is primarily found in literature, as is the imperfect subjunctive. While you may not use these personally, familiarizing yourself with them will aid your reading comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dessine dessinerais dessinai dessinasse tu dessines dessinerais dessinas dessinasses il dessine dessinerait dessina dessint nous dessinions dessinerions dessinmes dessinassions vous dessiniez dessineriez dessintes dessinassiez ils dessinent dessineraient dessinrent dessinassent To use  dessiner  in short, direct statements, the imperative form is used. In this conjugation, keep things short and sweet and forget about including the subject pronoun: use dessine rather than tu dessine. Imperative (tu) dessine (nous) dessinons (vous) dessinez

Discuss a contemporary problem in penolog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss a contemporary problem in penolog - Essay Example According to Pollock (2005), the Big House was depicted as a world inhabited by individuals who appeared deceased than alive. This maximum-security prison emerged in 1920s as well as 1930s. This system developed as an uncomfortable transition following the collapse of â€Å"factory† prison, which dominated the last part of 1800s. The Big House prison being a walled institution often contained several thousand inmates who were idle from decreased industrial work (Johnson, n.d). From plantation prisons, which were agrarian comparable to industrial prisons, emerged the Big House to offer discipline to inmates unable to work in the road works and in the fields. Plantation prisons had gross population of black prisoners since they were newly emancipated and were prone to being arrested for the flimsiest pretext to work in hard labour in prisons usually called chain gangs. The shackled prisoners were used to construct several public works like railroads and roads (Pollock, 2005). The Big House gave way to correctional Institution, which was the new prison system that first emerged in 1940s as well as 1950s. These prisons were typically large cell blocks with shops and a yard as well as industrial workstations. About 2,500 prisoners from rural and urban areas spend their time in every institution (Pollock, 2005). During the 1960s and 1970s, treatment programs were established in the correctional institution with the aim of establishing security, order, and discipline. As the number of offenders increased in the last 30 years, so was the prison population. The number of inmates from urban and rural areas greatly increased with many of them engaging in violent offenses. The shift from crime control that emphasized on the significance of incarceration in the previous establishments meant an increase of inmates in the correctional institutions (Cole, Smith &

How can inequality undermine the development of a country Essay

How can inequality undermine the development of a country - Essay Example In comparison, economic inequality is far more quantifiable and measurable. To put it in simple terms, economic inequality is a disparity in income. This disparity can exist within a village, a country or between different countries. According to Ray â€Å"it permits one individual certain material choices, while denying another individual those very same choices.† There are several methods to measure this inequality, which, I will elaborate on later. According to noted economists Sen and Foster (1973), inequality is deeply interlinked with rebellion and the fall of dynasties. It has been said, that the French and Russian Revolutions were brought about ultimately by the inequality that persisted within the respective societies and the failure to address them. The relationship between inequality and growth or development is often controversial and existing research is still inconclusive in terms of ascertaining the actual cause and effect each variable has on the other. Development in the terminology of economics refers primarily to economic growth and expansion, which usually leads to an increase in incomes. The crux of equality or inequality is how much of the population (i.e. which segments) benefits from this growth. If only one segment of the population witnesses an increase in incomes than economic, inequality exists. Different economists and researchers have come to different conclusions on the relationship between economic inequality and economic growth, these range from inequality having a positive impact on development to inequality causing economic stagnation. As mentioned before both of these conclusions are a cause for debate and neither has been accepted as definitive. What is clear, however, is the fact that both inequality and growth are affected by several factors that are independent of either. The many volumes of research and economic literature available on the subject focuses on the basic question of whether development and inequality

Creating a Plan for Positive Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Creating a Plan for Positive Influence - Essay Example The researcher states that to complete a one – year project, the team should plan systematically and strategically how to finish the assigned task. The members of the team must exert satisfactory effort to the project as they work as a team. However, in a group, the individual members tend to contribute less effort in a project. Given this, the focus of this essay shall mainly delve at creating a plan for positive influence that would increase the motivation, satisfaction, and performance among individual members of the team. In doing so, specifically, this essay aims at answering three points. First, it aims to identify the specific differences in attitudes, emotions, personalities, and values among the individual members of the team. Second, it targets to address how such identified differences influence behavior. Last, it intends to create a plan that would address such differences to influence positively the whole team. This plan created in the essay is of significance to the entire team because it can assist in effectively managing the team through identifying and addressing the particular differences. This will aid to build a high – performance project centered on the team’s motivation and productivity. Hierarchy and differences in role exist for the purpose of attaining a shared goal. Likewise, it is important for each member to realize his or her significance to the team. Teamwork is an important key for influencing positively the members of the team to perform their best.

Reply to the forum about rude behavior in the Society Essay Example for Free

Reply to the forum about rude behavior in the Society Essay Rudeness is very much prevalent in every aspect of the society. Illiterate people and even those professionals and students are infected by the behavior of rudeness. Often times, rudeness is tolerated that is why instead of eradicating it, situations linked to it only get worse. It is slowly becoming a trend but of course, not all trends are good and should be followed. The factors that were given in the post do influence the spread of rudeness. These factors from the environment weaken the foundation of a person’s good character. Aside from the elements of a busy and secluded lifestyle and broken families, more factors that trigger rudeness include the media, technology and lack of moral obligation. The media takes part on catering thoughts of rudeness to the societies. A celebrity who has bad behavior and got away with it is one illustration that rudeness can be considered as a so-so action. Thus, there is lack of moral obligation in every wrong action that was done. The technology provides materials of rudeness through videos or simple pranks on a television show. Lack of moral obligation is also related to an environment of a broken family. If there is no discipline at home, the child or the teenager can adopt the same behavior when he is at school. For example, if the child is impatient, he cannot wait in line when at the school canteen. Hence, he will show behavior of irritability and may go in front of the line instead of waiting for his turn. Slight rudeness can be treated as poor etiquette. Still, it is classified under the category of rudeness. Instances of poor etiquettes will surely develop into rudeness. On the other hand, there is the question on whether rudeness is dependent on how the person handles its influences. A person can be exposed to negative influences but can still manage to have a good behavior. In order to do that, he must have a strong core of values that can help him ward off the factors of rudeness. As for someone who is already rude, there is always the possibility that he will learn his lessons, probably the hard way to realize that rudeness is not acceptable in the society. References: DBSR. (2009, December 10). Why Have We Evolved Into Such a Rude Society?. Retrieved May 24, 2010, from http://dontbesorude. com/2009/12/why-have-we-evolved-into-such-a- rude- society/

Lamar ODom Bio :: essays research papers

Lamar Odom is 6 foot 10 inches and is a Pro Basketball Player. Odom plays small and power forward for the Los Angles Clippers. He was born on Nov. 6, 1979 in Jamaica, N.Y. When he was growing up, he got away from drugs and alcohol by playing basketball.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While in High school he played three years at Christ the King in Queens, NY and senior season at Redemption Christian Academy in Troy, NY before finishing up at St.Thomas Aquinas in Connecticut. In high school he averaged 25 points, 17 rebounds, 12 assists and five blocked shots as a senior at Redemption. Lamar was named the National Player of the Year by Parade Magazine in 1997 and was New York Daily News Player of the Year in 1996. Odom was a McDonald's All-American as a senior and starred in the 1997 Magic Johnson Round Ball Classic. He scored 36 points in the Catholic League championship game as a 15-year-old sophomore, breaking the individual scoring record for the game established by Lew Alcindor (Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar), and tied by current NBA players Kenny Anderson and Felipe Lopez.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In college as a sophomore he named First Team All-Atlantic 10 Conference and Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year after averaging 17.6 points, 9.4 rebounds, and 3.8 assists per game. Also, he was named Atlantic 10 Tournament MVP after hitting an electrifying, buzzer-beating 3-pointer to lift Rhode Island over Temple, 62-59 in the A-10 Tournament championship game. He had career-high 28 points at St. Joseph's Feb. 21, career-high 15 rebounds vs. Brown, Nov. 24, 1998, and career-high 11 assists vs. George Washington March 5. Lamar had five-game stretch in January where he scored 20 or more points in each game.

For Colored Girls

For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf. Topic: For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf, is a book about women’s perspective on life and how they way view men, which have hurt them, mistreated them, and how they react and live on it I. All women feel at some point in their life its hard dealing with men, life and descrimation, but black women feel they have it hard than most. II. Body A.Black women’s outlook on men and how they feel mistreated 1. Family a. Father b. Boyfriends c. Husbands 2. Black women always have always had problems with men, not just black men but all men, as they feel in the book. d. Not just black men but any man, hurt them as one has a father of a different ethnic. e. They also have to deal with the lies and abandonment. III. 3. The women in my book deal with growing up black in the 1960’s and 70’s. 4. The women in my book also deal with men treating them badly. 5.They als o how they are to deal with the hard things in their life, wither its dancing or praying to God. 6. They also deal with rape. Conclusion. For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf, is a book about women’s perspective on life and how they way view men, which have hurt them, mistreated them, and how they react and live on it. And when they find God back into their lives they understand they didn’t have to go through all of that alone, but that they had God and they had each other.

Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin

Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin give the reader a taste of what marriage must have been like and is still like for some. Both the narrator in Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"Story of an Hour† are repressed wives. The society they live in and gender roles contribute to their repressed states. Both Chopin and Gilman write of women’s’ issues in many of their works and explore the roles and lives of women but in very different ways. Both authors show us women who feel very trapped and do not have control of even the most obvious aspects of their lives.Freedom is achieved in very unconventional ways in both these stories, but the kind of freedom these narrators achieve is not available to most women of the time. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the narrator, who significantly is never named, is significantly repressed by her husband. Her husband is a doctor who is at bes t patronizing and at worst demeaning to her For example, â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage† (Gilman). This quote is included to make the reader question this relationship.Were women supposed to be laughed at in marriage? Another example of this would be â€Å"Then he took me in his arms and called me a blessed little goose† (Gilman). Again, her husband is patronizing her. It is not that she doesn’t love her husband or even that he doesn’t love her. It is simply that this is the way marriage is expected to be. She must bend to his every whim and do exactly what he tells her. She doesn’t even have control of her own body or her own medical treatment in this story. Her husband is a man and a doctor, both of which make him â€Å"right.† The reader infers that the narrator has recently had a baby and is suffering from post-partum depression, which is undiagnosed at the time Gilman writes. Her husband John has ta ken her to a vacation home/mental health facility for the summer. She has no say in this decision but is only told to rest and recover. When she wants to go visit her cousins Henry and Julia, she is again turned down. Her husband really plays more of a parental role with her. Eventually she begins to peel the wallpaper to give her something to do, and she sees a woman trapped behind the wallpaper. This woman represents her.She is trapped in this house, in this life—only she has no one to help her escape. She sets about freeing this woman; only when she does, she suddenly becomes the woman. The narrator says, â€Å"I've got out at last,† said I, â€Å"in spite of you and Jane! And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back! † (Gilman) Significantly, she has escaped although she has lost her sanity as well. Charlotte Perkins-Gilman herself tells us why she wrote this story, and that is to stop women from going crazy. Women need to free themselves from the bonds of men. In â€Å"Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin’s narrator seems like a typical wife.Her husband has gone on a hunting trip, and when she gets news of his death, she is at first very sad. Then she begins to understand the ramifications of him being gone, the idea that she can now live for herself, and she celebrates. â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: â€Å"free, free, free! † (Chopin) The narrator realizes exactly what her husband’s death means. â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.† (Chopin) However, this celebration is brief because she then gets news that in fact, her husband is still alive. She dies of heart failure. Everyone believes that she has died from â€Å"the joy that kills,† (Chopin), but the reader knows that she has died over the unpleasant shock that her husband is still alive. Kate Chopin, of course, is implying for us that â€Å"real happiness cannot exist without the necessary conditions of freedom and equality. † While Mrs. Mallard has not been miserable in her marriage, nor did she spend her time thinking about whether her marriage was happy, she has now had a glimpse of what her life would be like alone.She loved the thought and was excited about facing life alone. The reader understands that while the narrator did not necessarily know it at the time, she was still repressed by her marriage and that constant bending of her will to another human being. Both of these authors provide us with a realistic picture of what marriage could and can be like. They are repressed and trapped in their relationships, but each author shows us a different way out. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† ironically the na rrator escapes through insanity.She frees the woman in the wallpaper, thereby freeing herself of societal expectations. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour,† the narrator first escapes through the death of her husband and then through her own death. It isn’t that she doesn’t love her husband. She does experience momentary grief, but through her grief and fear, she gets a glimpse of what her future could look like. She understands that she will finally be able to live for herself. So, when she finds out her husband is alive, she dies of a heart attack. How sad it is that these women can escape in no other ways.Both Gilman and Chopin were masters at allowing the reader to see the way that women were repressed in their society. We don’t hate the men; we just wish women did not have to be so subservient. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† http://classiclit. about. com/library/bl- etexts/kchopin/bl-kchop-story. htm Esch, S tacy Tartar. http://brainstorm-services. com/wcu-2005/poe-story-hour. html 2001-2005. Accessed March 18, 2007. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† http://classiclit. about. com/library/bl-etexts/cpgilman/bl-cpgilman-yellowwall. htm